{"id":18854,"date":"2022-11-10T10:29:46","date_gmt":"2022-11-10T09:29:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/?page_id=18854"},"modified":"2023-02-27T18:54:54","modified_gmt":"2023-02-27T17:54:54","slug":"akademiacmm-pytania-i-odpowiedzi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/?page_id=18854","title":{"rendered":"#AkademiaCMM &#8211; Pytania i odpowiedzi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"18854\" class=\"elementor elementor-18854\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a70714a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a70714a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3728202\" data-id=\"3728202\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67728c3 premium-banner-tilt-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-premium-addon-banner\" data-id=\"67728c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"premium-addon-banner.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-banner-ib premium-banner-min-height premium-banner-animation5 zoomin active\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2775\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dynamic-wang-irn9H9-Kfq4-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"premium-banner-ib-desc\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"premium-banner-ib-title premium_banner_title\">Pytania i odpowiedzi<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t\t@media( min-width: 2px ) and (max-width:200px ) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t#premium-banner-67728c3 .premium-banner-ib-content {\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa7a42a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fa7a42a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-23cc3ea\" data-id=\"23cc3ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78cd40f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78cd40f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.12.1 - 02-04-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\">10.11.2022<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Sk\u0105d wiemy gdzie wyst\u0119puj\u0105 wy\u0142adowania atmosferyczne i jak rozr\u00f3\u017cniamy czy s\u0105 one doziemne czy mi\u0119dzychmurowe?<\/strong><\/p><p>Do tego s\u0142u\u017cy system detekcji wy\u0142adowa\u0144 atmosferycznych. Wszystkie wy\u0142adowania, r\u00f3wnie\u017c wewn\u0105trzchmurowe, zwi\u0105zane s\u0105 z wysy\u0142aniem impuls\u00f3w elektromagnetycznych w zakresach ultrakr\u00f3tkim i d\u0142ugim. Je\u015bli impuls zosta\u0142 uchwycony przez przynajmniej dwa detektory (w Polsce mamy ich 12), w\u00f3wczas mo\u017cna okre\u015bli\u0107 jego lokalizacj\u0119 i parametry.<\/p><p><strong>Co to tzw. \u201estrza\u0142ki na obrazach radarowych\u201d?<\/strong><\/p><p>Jest to do\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119ste zak\u0142\u00f3cenie \u2013 echo, wywo\u0142ywane nadajnikami wi-fi, kt\u00f3re pracuj\u0105 na podobnym zakresie jak radary meteorologiczne. S\u0105 one widoczne w postaci w\u0105skich, niekiedy szerszych &#8222;strza\u0142ek&#8221; skierowanych do radaru. Radar nie odr\u00f3\u017cnia takich sygna\u0142\u00f3w od tych odbitych od obiekt\u00f3w meteorologicznych. Staramy si\u0119 usuwa\u0107 takie echa naszym systemem kontroli jako\u015bci, ale nie zawsze si\u0119 to udaje, bo w ka\u017cdym terminie takich fa\u0142szywych ech jest bardzo du\u017co.<\/p><p><strong>Czy rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107 modelu w km ma wp\u0142yw na sprawdzalno\u015b\u0107? Wydaje mi si\u0119, \u017ce model ECMWF o siatce 9 km od GFS o siatce 22 km (oba \u015brednioterminowe) jest dok\u0142adniejszy. A mo\u017ce jestem w b\u0142\u0119dzie?<\/strong><\/p><p>To prawda, \u017ce im g\u0119stsza siatka obliczeniowa (czyli im mniejsza odleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 pozioma pomi\u0119dzy s\u0105siednimi w\u0119z\u0142ami siatki), tym modele pogody dok\u0142adniej odwzorowuj\u0105 procesy atmosferyczne, a tak\u017ce wp\u0142yw pod\u0142o\u017ca na ich przebieg. Zatem wzrost rozdzielczo\u015bci modeli wp\u0142ywa na popraw\u0119 jako\u015bci prognoz pogody. Jednak jako\u015b\u0107 ta zale\u017cy tak\u017ce od innych czynnik\u00f3w. G\u0142\u00f3wnymi s\u0105 jako\u015b\u0107 procedur asymilacji wynik\u00f3w obserwacji w celu przygotowania informacji o pocz\u0105tkowym stanie atmosfery (niezb\u0119dnym do rozpocz\u0119cia ka\u017cdej prognozy) oraz jako\u015b\u0107 reprezentowania proces\u00f3w fizycznych, kt\u00f3rych skala przestrzenna jest zbyt ma\u0142a, \u017ceby oblicza\u0107 je bezpo\u015brednio na siatce obliczeniowej modelu (np. procesy powstawania chmur i opad\u00f3w) przez procedury nazywane parametryzacjami.<\/p><p>Ko\u0144cowa jako\u015b\u0107 ka\u017cdego modelu jest wypadkow\u0105 jako\u015bci wszystkich jego istotnych procedur i wiemy, \u017ce to, i\u017c model IFS u\u017cywany przez ECMWF od wielu lat ma generalnie najlepsze wyniki weryfikacyjne wynika w du\u017cej mierze tak\u017ce z dobrych w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci jego procedur asymilacyjnych.<\/p><p>Na marginesie warto powiedzie\u0107, \u017ce model IFS jest modelem spektralnym, kt\u00f3ry nie u\u017cywa przestrzennej siatki obliczeniowej, ale rozk\u0142ada rozk\u0142ad przestrzenny parametr\u00f3w atmosfery na zesp\u00f3\u0142 regularnych fal o r\u00f3\u017cnych d\u0142ugo\u015bciach, od planetarnej po coraz mniejsze i mniejsze. Im mniejsza jest d\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 tych najmniejszych fal, tym wi\u0119ksza jest rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107 modelu i mo\u017cna poda\u0107 jaki jest rozmiar kroku siatki obliczeniowej, kt\u00f3ra mia\u0142aby rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107 odpowiadaj\u0105c\u0105 rozdzielczo\u015bci modelu spektralnego.<\/p><p>Nale\u017cy te\u017c zauwa\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce przy du\u017cych rozdzielczo\u015bciach modeli mierzenie i por\u00f3wnywanie ich jako\u015bci (czyli badanie sprawdzalno\u015bci) staje si\u0119 nie\u0142atwe. Pojawia si\u0119 tu efekt &#8222;podw\u00f3jnej kary&#8221; (double penalty) za wysok\u0105 rozdzielczo\u015b\u0107. Wynika on st\u0105d, \u017ce wyniki modeli o wy\u017cszej rozdzielczo\u015bci maj\u0105 wi\u0119cej szczeg\u00f3\u0142\u00f3w, a w stosunku do nich wyniki modeli o ni\u017cszej rozdzielczo\u015bci wygl\u0105daj\u0105 jakby by\u0142y u\u015brednione przestrzennie. Przy obliczaniu r\u00f3\u017cnic z obserwacjami daje to wi\u0119ksze wielko\u015bci b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w dla modeli o wy\u017cszej rozdzielczo\u015bci, nawet je\u015bli amplitudy parametr\u00f3w meteorologicznych s\u0105 bardziej realistyczne, a b\u0142\u0119dy przesuni\u0119\u0107 przestrzennych (kt\u00f3re zawsze wyst\u0119puj\u0105) s\u0105 niezbyt du\u017ce. Obecnie trwaj\u0105 prace nad metodami weryfikacyjnymi, kt\u00f3re uwzgl\u0119dniaj\u0105 te efekty i lepiej mierz\u0105 jako\u015b\u0107 prognoz modeli o wy\u017cszych rozdzielczo\u015bciach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d8383f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d8383f9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-83a41cc\" data-id=\"83a41cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7d8b01 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d7d8b01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! 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Do tego s\u0142u\u017cy system detekcji wy\u0142adowa\u0144 atmosferycznych. Wszystkie wy\u0142adowania, r\u00f3wnie\u017c wewn\u0105trzchmurowe, zwi\u0105zane s\u0105 z wysy\u0142aniem impuls\u00f3w elektromagnetycznych w zakresach ultrakr\u00f3tkim i d\u0142ugim. Je\u015bli impuls zosta\u0142 uchwycony przez przynajmniej dwa detektory (w Polsce mamy ich 12), w\u00f3wczas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15934,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"off","ocean_header_style":"custom","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"2993","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.5.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>#AkademiaCMM - Pytania i odpowiedzi - Laboratorium Modelowania Meteorologicznego CMOK IMGW-PIB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cmm.imgw.pl\/?page_id=18854\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"#AkademiaCMM - Pytania i odpowiedzi - Laboratorium Modelowania Meteorologicznego CMOK IMGW-PIB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pytania i odpowiedzi 10.11.2022 Sk\u0105d wiemy gdzie wyst\u0119puj\u0105 wy\u0142adowania atmosferyczne i jak rozr\u00f3\u017cniamy czy s\u0105 one doziemne czy mi\u0119dzychmurowe? Do tego s\u0142u\u017cy system detekcji wy\u0142adowa\u0144 atmosferycznych. Wszystkie wy\u0142adowania, r\u00f3wnie\u017c wewn\u0105trzchmurowe, zwi\u0105zane s\u0105 z wysy\u0142aniem impuls\u00f3w elektromagnetycznych w zakresach ultrakr\u00f3tkim i d\u0142ugim. 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